Mount Kilimanjaro

Greatest Scientific Events of the 20th Century

I’ve recently been kicking around my personal list of what might constitute the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. There are so many things to consider and the list is necessarily so subjective that I’m not going to pretend to be giving a highly considered, thoroughly vetted list. I have put thought into this, but there will surely be dozens of examples I could easily find myself reconsidering if brought to my attention.

5) The Expanding Universe

In 1929 Edwin Hubble made the discovery that the Universe is actually expanding. This had direct implications throughout physics and astronomy. It was the reason Einstein called his cosmological constant “the biggest blunder” of his life.

Hubble used Cepheids, commonly known as “standard candles”, to get the relative distances of various galaxies. He then plotted this against their known redshifts. What he discovered was that these redshifts increased as a linear function of distance. That is, the Universe was uniformly expanding. In 1998 it would be discovered that this expansion was actually increasing in speed, contrary to expectations.

4) Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

In the early 60’s, Robert Dickie was searching for the radiation that should have been left over if the Big Bang model was correct. He had assembled a team to look for what science had predicted, but he was beaten to the punch by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson. And they weren’t even looking for the CMB.

Using a Dickie radiometer (designed by Dickie himself), Penzias and Wilson happened upon an interfering sort of fuzz while doing other research in 1965. They assumed it was coming from some nearby source, perhaps New York. After ruling out all the obvious possibilities (including pigeons), they were unable to conclude precisely what it was. They published a paper describing their results, which Dickie then used to correctly interpret as the discovery of the CMB. Penzias and Wilson won Nobel Prizes in 1978.

3) The Structure of DNA

There’s the saying that nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. This is crucially true, but the essence of the saying can be broaden to another area in biology: nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of the structure of DNA as discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. I dare say, aside from Darwin’s discovery of how evolution happens, the discovery of the molecular shape of DNA has been the most significant event in all of biology. Interestingly, it shouldn’t have happened the way it did. Watson and Crick were one of several teams studying the structure. One member of another team, Rosalind Franklin, had actually produced accurate images of the molecule on her own, but determined she wasn’t ready to present her findings quite yet. Her teammate, Maurice Wilkins, would have none of that and decided to show her images – covertly – to Watson and Crick. They almost immediately recognized its significance (and to an extent Franklin hadn’t quite grasped): DNA formed as a double-helix with a uniform width all the way up its length.

Franklin’s work has unfortunately been drowned in history because of Wilkins’ betrayal, not to mention the fact that she is a woman in science – and that’s no easy task (especially in 1953).

Watson, Crick, and Wilkins received their Nobel Prizes in 1962 – Franklin got nothing.

2) General Theory of Relativity

Albert Einstein described his general theory of relativity in 1915, updating Newton’s ideas on gravity. He presented one of the most brilliant ideas man has ever had, fundamentally changing our understanding of how the Universe works. His science knocked down the notion of absolutes within spacetime, indeed, even helping to define the term. (Credit does not go directly to him, but his theory of special relativity was key in the development of the concept, and general relativity is an expansion of special relativity.)

Einstein received his Nobel Prize in 1922 (for 1921). (It was given for work as it specifically pertained to his special theory of relativity, not his theory of general relativity.)

1) Life on Mars

For the life of me, I don’t understand why no one seems to care about this. NASA recently announced it had reexamined a meteorite discovered in 1984 and confirmed that it contained within it microbial life which did not originate on Earth. While that may seem unfitting for a post about 20th century discoveries and events, the meteorite was originally described in 1996 to much fanfare. Over time a quiet consensus grew that the shapes in the rock could be formed via geological processes. The recent analysis blew those concerns out of the water.

Well, he was a creationist…

Here’s video of Hitler reacting to the Atheist Convention in Melbourne.

Thought of the day

The Republican Party hates the idea of progress.

Kilimanjaro

I currently have plans in the works to hike Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania. I’m aiming for late June as the rainy season will be over and there is a full moon on the 26th. However, I’m having trouble making sure I can find a reputable guide company. I met a hiker out on the AT last summer who used Good Earth Tours and he said his trip was successful, but what I didn’t ask was how the porters were treated. Some of these companies make their porters sleep in terrible conditions without proper gear or even the same meals the clients will be having. They even pay them half the recommended minimum daily wage sometimes. I don’t want one of those companies.

Right now I’m checking out Ultimate Kilimanjaro because it is an American based company. I’m weary, however, of these companies that charge upwards of $2000 less than other places I’ve seen. I obviously don’t want to overpay for the sake of faux comfort and unnecessary luxuries, but I also don’t want to employ a bunch of people who are bitter over their low pay and thus not really concerned with my hiking experience.

So that’s where my small blog following comes in. Does anyone have any experience with any Kilimanjaro companies? Any friends with experience? If so, please give me all the information you can.

Thought of the day

Apparently there’s this low-budget, no-name movie floating around at these unheard of giant theaters. I think it’s called Avatar and it’s playing at an IMAX.

Be jealous.

Oh, Rush

Rush Limbaugh recently said this:

Everything this president sees is a political opportunity, including Haiti, and he will use it to burnish his credentials with minorities in this country and around the world, and to accuse Republicans of having no compassion.

So what does Rush want? Should Obama not help Haiti? Was George Bush right when he initially only offered $35 million in aid after the 2004 tsunami? Perhaps he should have given less?

The reason anyone might accuse Republicans of having no compassion is because Limbaugh is the unofficial icon of the party and he says garbage like this. If he doesn’t like being perceived as heartless, then he needs to stop being heartless. It’s pretty simple.

He also appeared to discourage help for the island nation, saying, “We’ve already donated to Haiti. It’s called the U.S. income tax.”

So don’t give any more, people! What Obama has donated so far counts as your contribution! Idjit.

Text “HAITI” to 90999 to automatically donate $10 to the Red Cross.

Be nice or I’ll sue!

I recently got an email from an irate reader concerning something I wrote about naturopathy. She sent her letter to the address I have set up for my paper, Without Apology, but I never printed anything of relevance in there. She also did not specify which piece of writing she was referencing. I’ve actually written several posts about naturopathic ‘medicine’. Probably the one with the toughest language, however, was this one. There I called Christopher Maloney, local naturopathic ‘doctor’, a charlatan, mountebank, and quack. All those terms were supported by clear refutations and short examinations of the lies Maloney was peddling. I can’t be sure if that’s what set off the reader, but here’s what she had to say.

Dear Michael Hawkins,

I am writing you a friendly letter to let you know that you might want to write an apology to Dr. Maloney for your article. I don’t think you really educated yourself on his medical education. And unfortunately for you, his wife is a lawyer. What you wrote is slander, and you definitely might be in a allot of trouble. Fact, he is a Naturopathic Doctor. People actually travel all over the country just to get an appointment to see him. But did you know you have to be a DO. or an MD. Oh, from your article it sounds like you might not know allot about the medical field. This type of doctor goes to medical school and study’s more osteopathic type of medicine. Thiers even a highly credited school in Maine called UNE :). And then you have an MD :) which is the one your probably more familiar with. Both study’s require at least 10 yrs. of medical schooling. Now a Homeopathic Doctor, or Naturopathic Doctor has to become a DO, or an MD before their aloud to study Naturopathic, or Homeopathic medicine. Which is usually an additional 2-4 yrs. of additional medicine. So yes, Dr. Maloney has been to over 12yrs. of medical school. And when he feels necessary, he will prescribe traditional medicine as you call it. But most of the time he try’s to heal threw more natural means because most people heal quicker threw natural means :). So a little bit more about him……. He went to Harvard, yup the big school of medicine LOL, and Brown LOL so he pretty smart and extremely educated. So yes, be careful before you put something in print OK :). The article made you look very silly :)

Wishing You The Best,
Cheryl :)

My favorite part is that after the threats and insults, she wishes me ‘the best’. No, really.

It’s perplexing that Cheryl has chosen to focus on Maloney’s medical education. I never raised that as an issue. I mean, creationists have completed bio programs from Harvard; that doesn’t mean I’m about to defer to them. But, at the least, she’s inaccurate. He did go to Harvard, but I see nothing about Brown. Also, notice the information Maloney includes as part of his education.

* B.A. Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
* Diploma in Continuing Health Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
* Four year medical degree from National College of Naturopathic Medicine, Portland,Oregon.
* National science boards and clinical medicine boards.
* Year in Singapore and Malaysia studying medicine with homeopaths, naturopaths, and osteopaths as well as traditional Chinese healers.
* Licensed in the state of Maine as a naturopathic doctor.

First, noticed nothing about Brown. Second, I reject the overall legitimacy of naturopathic schools, even if they do manage to get accredited. Maloney’s school, for instance, teaches Classical Chinese medicine. What does that include, you ask?

Cupping: A type of Chinese massage, cupping consists of placing several glass “cups” (open spheres) on the body. A match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin. The resulting effect is the burning of oxygen within the cup, creating a relative vacuum, that allows the cup to stick right to the skin via suction. When combined with massage oil, the cups can be slid around the back, offering what can only be thought of as a reverse-pressure massage.

And third, notice that two of the final three things Maloney lists are not parts of his education, but rather his C.V. And need I say anything of studying cupping and similar exercises with Malaysian homeopaths?

In the process of making this post I’ve noticed a second email. This one is from a J. Smith. It’s clear he’s referring to the letter I had published in the local paper. It’s also clear that he had a bit more to get off his chest. I’m not going to take the time (at least right now) to respond to all he’s had to say, but I will paste his email in the comment section of this post.

Correction: I did sort of bring up Maloney’s education when I spoke of his qualifications. But again, this goes back to the creationist analogy. A person can have a bio degree, but if he believes in instant creation, he’s unqualified to tell me anything about evolution.

Also, I had forgotten the email for Without Apology was listed under my letter to the editor.

Donating to Haiti

As probably everyone knows, a terrible Earthquake rocked Haiti recently. The estimates for the death toll are highly varied this early on, but I’ve so far read numbers ranging from 100,000 to 500,000. It’s possible this could be worse than the 2004 tsunami that killed roughly 230,000 people (though I doubt the economic damage will be worse given Haiti’s deep poverty). Haiti has a population just under 10 million. That means there’s a loss likely between 1-5% of the population. That would be 3 to 15 million people being wiped out in the U.S., not to mention the massive swath of individuals displaced.

As one might imagine, aid is greatly needed. There are a ton of avenues for making donations, but one of the easiest is through the Red Cross. Texting “HAITI” to 90999 will donate exactly $10.

Stephane Auger

The NFL should fine officials when they go crooked. Simple as that.