Australopithecus sediba

Australopithecus sediba is a recent discovery of a new species that represents intermediate features of modern day humans and Australopithecus africanus. The discovery includes two well-preserved fossils dating back 1.95 to 1.78 million years ago, showing a mosaic of human and A. africanus characteristics. It is likely a descendant of A. africanus.

These new fossils, however, represent a hominid that appeared approximately one million years later than Lucy, and their features imply that the transition from earlier hominids to the Homo genus occurred in very slow stages, with various Homo-like species emerging first.

“It is not possible to establish the precise phylogenetic position of Australopithecus sediba in relation to various species assigned to early Homo,” wrote Lee Berger, a lead author of one of the Science reports. “We can conclude that… this new species shares more derived features with early Homo than any other known australopith species, and thus represents a candidate ancestor for the genus, or a sister group to a close ancestor that persisted for some time after the first appearance of Homo.”

Again, the new species is considered to likely be a descendant of A. africanus, but whether or not it is part of human lineage is less certain. Importantly, however, it represents at least a cousin that was evolving alongside our ancestors. (Phylogenetic relationships, in fact, are often based upon indirect ancestry.)

For more of the details about this discovery (such as the fact that it was bipedal or just how it was all so well-preserved), give Brian Switek’s post a look.

Australopithecus sediba

Australopithecus sediba is a recent discovery of a new species that represents intermediate features of modern day humans and Australopithecus africanus. The discovery includes two well-preserved fossils dating back 1.95 to 1.78 million years ago, showing a mosaic of human and A. africanus characteristics. It is likely a descendant of A. africanus.

These new fossils, however, represent a hominid that appeared approximately one million years later than Lucy, and their features imply that the transition from earlier hominids to the Homo genus occurred in very slow stages, with various Homo-like species emerging first.

“It is not possible to establish the precise phylogenetic position of Australopithecus sediba in relation to various species assigned to early Homo,” wrote Lee Berger, a lead author of one of the Science reports. “We can conclude that… this new species shares more derived features with early Homo than any other known australopith species, and thus represents a candidate ancestor for the genus, or a sister group to a close ancestor that persisted for some time after the first appearance of Homo.”

Again, the new species is considered to likely be a descendant of A. africanus, but whether or not it is part of human lineage is less certain. Importantly, however, it represents at least a cousin that was evolving alongside our ancestors. (Phylogenetic relationships, in fact, are often based upon indirect ancestry.)

For more of the details about this discovery (such as the fact that it was bipedal or just how it was all so well-preserved), give Brian Switek’s post a look.

Gene therapy for mouse vision

Gene therapy is generally a good thing. Just last year it was used to cure color blindness in spider monkeys. In that instance, an adeno-virus was used to deliver the correct gene into the primates; that’s often how it is done. However, there are drawbacks to this. For instance, insertional mutagenesis may occur. This is where an inserted sequence causes a change in the expression of a nearby gene. In many cases, this will cause cancer. It doesn’t always happen and not all viruses will be the right kind to integrate themselves into the host’s genome, but the possibility is a very real one. Fortunately for the spider monkeys, no side effects have been noted.

Another way to go about fixing faulty genes is to do what Cai et al. did and deliver the correct DNA via nanoparticles. They injected mice which had retinitis pigmentosa, a disease of the eye, with saline, naked plasmid DNA (i.e., not compacted in a nanoparticle), and with nanoparticle compacted DNA (plus a control group that received nothing). The correct gene, the Rds gene, did nothing when it was given alone (and, of course, the saline did just the same). However, the nanoparticle DNA did prove to have an effect. In fact, not only did it retard further degeneration of vision, but it even caused healing in the form of functional and structural improvements.

There are still safety issues that need to be fleshed out with more research, but this method of correcting faulty genes is both promising and pretty exciting. What’s more, it even has opened the avenue for some good zingers.

“Making the blind see was once called a miracle,” said Gerald Weissmann, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal. “As we have expanded our understanding of evolution, genetics, and nanotechnology, chances are that “miraculous” cures will become as commonplace as those claimed by faith-healers past and present.”

1. X. Cai, S. M. Conley, Z. Nash, S. J. Fliesler, M. J. Cooper, M. I. Naash. Gene delivery to mitotic and postmitotic photoreceptors via compacted DNA nanoparticles results in improved phenotype in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. The FASEB Journal, 2009; DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-139147

Thought of the day

I have no idea why Andreas Moritz insists on making me post shit about him. Why. Why is he so genuinely dumb.*

*This is part question, part statement.

Don’t visit Fulton, Mississippi

Constance McMillen wanted to go to her senior prom with her girlfriend. Her school said no and canceled the event out of nothing more than pure bigotry. Upon the news, donations, scholarships, and invites to privately held, inclusive proms ensued. Soon a judge ruled that Constance’s rights had been violated, but he did not force the school to go forward with the prom for two reasons: 1) it was originally scheduled at a time too soon from when the ruling happened and 2) a private prom to which Constance was to be invited was being hosted. That didn’t stop her town of bigots from excluding her, though.

McMillen tells The Advocate that a parent-organized prom happened behind her back — she and her date were sent to a Friday night event at a country club in Fulton, Miss., that attracted only five other students. Her school principal and teachers served as chaperones, but clearly there wasn’t much to keep an eye on.

“They had two proms and I was only invited to one of them,” McMillen says. “The one that I went to had seven people there, and everyone went to the other one I wasn’t invited to.”

Last week McMillen asked one of the students organizing the prom for details about the event, and was directed to the country club. “It hurts my feelings,” McMillen says.

Two students with learning difficulties were among the seven people at the country club event, McMillen recalls. “They had the time of their lives,” McMillen says. “That’s the one good thing that come out of this, [these kids] didn’t have to worry about people making fun of them [at their prom].”

To make things worse, there’s actually a Facebook fan page called Constance quit yer cryin. Here are the sort of comments from her fellow students (comments that are now buried under posts from the decent people who have discovered this bigotry):

Mitchell Henderson: lulz rug munchers are hilarious. Come join me in hell, there’s ipods all around for dance parties. As long as you bring someone to scissor with.

Melody Carol: JAlthough, she asked and they said no, she should have just stfu and dealt with it. The school did not need to cancel the prom to shift attention from here. That’s just gay.

Brittany Kay Brown: jeremy, that’s your fault for not coming out of the closet. IAHS is not a bigoted school. This whole town is based on Christianity.

Caleb Waddle: i just wish she would shut up and quit makeing the freakin county stupid you say well its there fault but since when did the public do anything to you just shut the freak up already.

Traci Taylor: Carnathan who wants to c 2 girls makn out…especially one of them thats parents are totally against it.

Comments via PZ.

A quick quack reminder

Every once in awhile I’ll get a notice from Facebook that some stupid shit got deleted for some stupid reason. In almost all cases, it comes back to Andreas Moritz (hi, Andy!*). He’s a quack. He wants money from sick people and that makes him a giant pile of shit. And just to compound the problem, he has no education in any science or medicine. (Hell, I doubt his education level exceeds the 9th or 10th grade. He’s a frackin’ moron.) And since he’s a greedy POS with no real education that takes advantages of the ill, I will sometimes reflect that on Facebook (though not as much as I do here). Recently, a few items were deleted from my Facebook fan page. Since there’s little rhyme or reason to which posts from here I stick up there, it’s nearly impossible to know just what was deleted; Facebook only told me “various posts”. I am, however, relatively sure that this one was deleted. I won’t know until they get back to me on my copyright appeal.

So since Moritz is actually thankful for all the attention I give him (which undermines his entire bullshit, charlatan threat of suing – because he’s just that smart), I thought I’d put out a reminder. And even if he isn’t the reason for the recent content issue, he’s still a greedy POS that takes advantage of sick people because he has no moral compass, so this is justified anyway.

*A double reminder: Moritz is obsessed with learning all about why he’s a quack, so he actually bothers to read FTSOS frequently, hence the greeting. Unfortunately, it’s likely he is seeking better ways of hiding his general evil from those he will harm with his ignorant, inane, sans all qualifications ‘advice’.

When being ‘morally upright’ goes a bit too far

Edit: What specifically spurred this post was when Jack deleted a post from his own site. The post, made by me, referenced harassing text messages, but would have been entirely incoherent to anyone who had not sent such texts. That is, I made a comment on Jack’s blog where I responded to the specific subject of a post. However, within that comment, I made reference to the immorality of sending harassing text messages. I did not specify that it was Jack who had sent anything, nor did I reference my cousin. Jack immediately deleted the post. For further evidence, see here where Jack has deleted all my posts from the record. Specifically, Jack says to have deleted the entire post for language. However, he contradicts himself by admitting that when he comes across “foul” language, he only edits posts. That, in fact, is a policy of his. He had never deleted an entire post for containing curse words before that point; only when the post also contained a reference only he would understand if he had sent out texts did he start with the deletions.

Jack Hudson is a creationist and frequent poster here. He’s actually even on my ‘friends’ list on Facebook (my requirements for ‘friendship’ basically being ‘any interaction on any level at some point in time’). Given that he has the conservative, creationist, Christian version of SIWOTI (unlike my version which is centered around things that are true), it’s understandable that he’s going to post from time to time on my links, status updates, etc. In fact, I frequently find my notifications up around the 40-50 mark each day, largely thanks to Jack and those who respond to him. And that’s all fine and dandy; it keeps me entertained.

But sometimes people will react with hostility. It isn’t unique to Facebook or people I know, of course, but it does happen on my profile. One person who did this was a cousin of mine whose hostility was given in a relatively unique way: rather than lash out or rant, he just went for the jugular. Even though the topic was health care or some such thing, he started making abortion jokes. They shouldn’t really bother any rational person who has ever worked with any cells of any kind since there’s no ‘spiritual’ difference between, say, E. coli, and a human embryo (with “spiritual” being meant largely in the Carl Sagan sense, i.e., ‘important philosophical difference’). But the entire point of using those jokes was to bother someone – a conservative Christian. My cousin didn’t want to engage the particular views being offered since there wasn’t much point in arguing, so he just sought to anger. And believe me, the plan worked.

But it worked too well. Instead of the issue ending on Facebook, it spread further; my cousin has his personal phone number listed on his page, which itself is not private. Over Easter dinner he told me of recent messages he had been getting from several different phone numbers. They read something like “How can you make jokes about abortion like that?”. At no point did the person identify himself, but the blatant references to what happened on my private Facebook profile makes it all too obvious.

Now to be sure, my cousin actually has no idea I’m typing this. And, in fact, he expressed no particular concern over the issue. It’s sort of funny, sort of pathetic, and if I actually thought Jack was dangerous and not just taking his notion of morality a bit too far, I might be more concerned myself. (In fact, I haven’t even defriended him.)

Instead, what does concern me is how this relates to what I’m always writing on FTSOS – religion and how it motivates. For those with children, imagine little Johnny sending hostile texts to a random person on the Internet. How would you react? Would it ever be okay for that to continue? I can vouch for the general sanity of my doctorate-pursing cousin, as it happens, but how much is that even worth on the Internet? Johnny would be told never do that again – right after he was grounded and had his phone and Internet taken away. And it wouldn’t be Johnny’s motivations that were of concern. No. It would be his actions. No matter how good he thought his reason, his actions were the problem. But that all changes when the autonomy of an adult (even if it isn’t the one I suspect) motivated by religion enters the picture. The whole What Would Jesus Do? jazz is what has caused my cousin to receive texts (from several different phones, no less) berating him for his jokes; that seems to have somehow made things okay. No longer are over-the-line-actions what matter; instead, (and because an adult is involved) it is the motivation that is important – because it’s religion.

Thought of the day

To lack faith does not mean to have 100% certainty.

The quack that wouldn’t die

All the hub-bub with king quack Andreas Moritz (hi, Andy!) keeps causing link after link back to my posts. One of the most recent ones is worth a read.

Moritz also claims that every cell and organ in the body has its own aura and that the trillions of little auras comprise a big aura for each body. The body’s aura “goes beyond physical parameters, yet it influences physical life more than anything else.” How he knows any of these things is anybody’s guess, but it sounds like he graduated from the school of MSU (making stuff up).

Our aura also affects the atmosphere of the Earth with specific encodements [?], both positive and negative. Thus, negative thoughts and beliefs, emotional trauma, and other experiential episodes get caught up in the ionosphere of the Earth, possibly triggering major global disturbances that affect the population, wildlife, and climate of the planet as a whole.

No wonder climate science is so difficult. It has to take into account the effect of gazillions of cells on the ionosphere! Moritz has the answer, however: he has six ener-chi paintings “designed to heal the Earth and her environment.”

No way! Moritz is only making shit up so he can sell his crap to gullible people? Crazy.

How to garner my respect

Just before the last primary run-up for president, Giuliani said he was cheering for the 2007 Red Sox because he cheers for the American League in lieu of specifically cheering for the Assholes. That’s a load of shit. I don’t care what the circumstance is. Ever. Red Sox and Assholes fans are only to cheer for their own team and whichever team is facing their rival. That’s it. No waffling.

That’s why Obama impressed me so much recently. Even though he pulled a similar cheer-for-the-team-of-the-current-campaign-town crap with the Rays and Phillies in ’08, he’s been consistent with his home team, the White Sox. I’ve even heard him disparage the Cubs as “not real baseball”. I don’t hate the Cubs or anything, but I love the comment, the commitment. But what’s even better is this.

After jogging out to the mound before the Nats-Phillies game with his head uncovered, Obama toed the rubber, pulled his familiar Sox cap from his glove and tugged it tight over his head. The crowd sounded momentarily conflicted over the president’s pledge of allegiance, but still cheered once Obama went into his windup.

And since I’ll probably never again have a time when this is relevant, here’s where I sat for a White Sox/Red Sox game in ’08. (The White Sox, unfortunately, won, 5-3.)